A Christmast Surprise for Gramma Essay Example for Free

A Christmast storm for Gramma EssayA Christmas Surprise for Grandma by Gloria J. Shuttleworth Grandma lived on Sugar brook Mountain all alone. It was a beautiful mountain, with tall cedar trees all over the mountain top. In the middle of the mountain was a crystal clear lake. The pis mouth in the lake was the prettiest blue youve ever chance uponn. When the water was calm, you could see the fish swimming slightly in the lake. I loved depend uponting by the lake when I was a little girl. Grandma would pack us a lunch, and we would sit at the lake for hours on end. minute after hour, gran would tell me stories about her life on the mountain. I remember the twenty-four hours that granddaddy drowned in the lake.My parents had tried to talk naan into moving into town, and she wouldnt hear of it. My parents knew not to argue with her, because they knew that grandma was set in her ways. Ive been on this mountain for so long that Ive forgotten which is the oldest, me or the m ountain, grandma had said, with a twinkle in her eyes. I knew my parents worried about her being alone, because grandma was the only person who lived on Sugar Cliff Mountain. Today I was divergence to visit grandma, and the excitement grew inside me at the popular opinion of spending time on the mountain once more. After all, it had been ten years since I had seen grandma.Its heavily to believe that my career had kept me away for so long. As I approached the top of the mountain, I could see grandma staring out the window of her little log confine home. Grandma greeted me at the entre with a big hug. I am so happy that you could come to visit with me, said grandma. This Christmas is going to be so wonderful I wee-wee a special surprise for you dear. Little did grandma know that I had a very special surprise for her as well. Well, we cant stand around here all day, said grandma. Theres a lot of work to get done. I have invited the throng from the small town to come to my Chris tmas party on Saturday evening.After I had freshened up a bit, we spent the day baking all sorts of cookies and candies. Grandma had a story to tell as we baked the goodies for the party. She told me about how she utilize to bake apple pies for granddad. He loved apple pies, said grandma. Those were his favorite. She said that after the pies would cool off, that granddaddy would send her into the living room, under the pretense that he would clean up the kitchen. Grandma knew what he was unfeignedly up to, however she never let on that she knew. Grandma would go into the living room and sit in her rocking chair. She would sing some of the songs that she knew grandpa loved.About an hour later, grandma would wander back into the kitchen. wherefore Henry she said kitchen, grandma retired for the evening. I made myself a cup of tea and sat atomic reactor in front of the fireplace. Sitting alone in the quiet house, I pondered my childhood memories of my grandparents. They had en dlessly been such(prenominal) a fun loving and happy couple. Shortly after they were married, grandpa built the log cabin home for his Little ole Emmy, as he called her. Just before Christmas, almost twelve years ago, grandpa was extracurricular gathering firewood, when grandma heard a horrible scream and a terrible noise.She ran outside to find that an area of the ice on the lake had fallen through. She yelled for grandpa over and over but no reply ever came. They searched the lake for over a week, but no trace of grandpa could be found. Finally, they called off the search. One of the men who had boostered in the search said theyd probably never find grandpa now. Just then, as my thoughts were still racing around in my head, my grandmother brought me back to reality. We have to be up very early in the morning dear, so off to move back now, she said. I lento walked to my grandmothers room, and kissed her goodnight.Morning came early at grandmas house. As I entered the kitchen I could smell the homemade biscuits and gravy training on the stove. Whats on our list of things to do today? I asked. The men are coming from the village this morning to put the lights on the trees, and we have lots of presents to enlace for the children, she said. Just then, there was a buffet at the door. It was the men from the village ready to start putting up the lights. Grandma was so stirred as she stepped back to watch them. Lets wrap those presents now Laura, said grandma.As I watched grandma wrap the presents and tie the ribbons, I knew that so much more was being placed around them. With each break up of wrapping paper grandma was also wrapping them with love. After the last present was wrapped, we realized that link been wrapping presents all day It was now getting dark outside and grandma wanted to go outside to view the lights. As we stepped out onto the porch, we gasped. The sight that met our eyes was so beautiful to behold The hoodwink was glittering and the reflection of the lights on the snow was beyond words It was breathtaking That night I went to retire with a heart full of love for my grandmother.I knew that someday I wanted to be alone standardized her, full of love for others. Saturday evening the village people started arriving just after dark. Grandma always waited until evening to have her Christmas party, because she loved the lights. All the guests gathered around in the front yard and began to sing Christmas carols. Oh, how grandma loved that Ole Ben was a jolly fellow who worked at the village store, and he was chosen to help Santa hand out the presents. The children shouted with glee, as they unwrapped their gifts. Grandma said, Laura, come here dear, I have a surprise for you. As she handed me the present, I could see the love and pride in her eyes. I love it grandma, I said, as I bent down to kiss her cheek, I will entertain it forever. Grandma had made a quilt out of some of my dresses that I had worn as a little girl. Grandma, if you could have just one special gift for Christmas, what would it be? I asked her. Without even stop to think, she replied, I would like to see your grandfather just one more time, so I could aliment him the apple pie that the horses quit snatching when he left us. Just then grandmas face lit up like the lights on the Christmas treeEveryone turned to see what grandma was looking at. Walking slowly toward her, with an apple pie in his hand, was grandpa There was two slices missing from the pie that he was holding. The village people were speechless, as they thought they were comprehend a ghost. Grandpa chuckled, as he yelled out, Emmy, those darn horses snatched the pie and got away with two pieces. Difference to me, but slowly my memory started to return. I remember now going out to gather firewood. There was a nice piece of wood on the lake. I thought the lake was frozen over so I stepped out on the lake to get the piece of wood.I remember hearing the lake c rackle and thats the last I remember about the accident. Laura, how can I ever thank you for bringing grandpa home to me? asked grandma. Laura replied, seeing the happiness and the love you have for each other is all the thanks I need. As Laura retired to bed that night, she couldnt help but think about the surprise that she had given to grandma for Christmas. She knew in her heart that it was the trounce surprise present that grandma would ever get. What a warm and wonderful feeling came over Laura as she fell asleep, thinking of her grandparents.

Advertising and Advertisement Contributes Essay Example for Free

Advertising and Advertisement Contributes renderA story of mine come immediately to my mind. once I wanted a copulate of slipper, but after entering the supermarket, I was shocked for there were thousands of marks of slippers. eventually, I chose LULU which was the only brand Id ever seen on the television. according to a well known sociologist, and I paraphrase, without publicisement, consumers and merchants both(prenominal) pretermit something, which is to say that consumers lose the opportunity to obtain the maven suit them most and merchants may lose their potential customers. aturally, it is significant to advertise for the firms. meanwhile a recent survey conducted by sina. com will practice this point valid and convincible. the sales volume of a certain product doubles since its manufacturer advertise on a TV program. for most of time consumers dont know their real requirement at all, so their needs to a certain kind of product is influenced greatly by the ads. f or instance, my mother went shopping one day in order to buy some milk and vegetables, nevertheless she came back home with a pair of trousers n her words, just because she ever saw it on a magazine. in addition, one of my classmates employ to buy whatever he is interested in on.EBAY. com for about 2 times a week. considering the frightful advantages for manufacturers, advertisement has the necessity to remain. each coin, however, has its two sides. r are as the drawbacks of advertisement are, they do exist. some gauzy companies completely rely on the boasting advertisement to attract consumers. in order to make the advertisement to be credible, they invite he celebrities, make special good effect, and even film to publicize their production. unfortunately, consumers are always wise enough to distinguish a fair publicity from one with exaggeration. Hence, those companies are dance to suffer the tremendous cost of advertising without benefiting from it. to sum up, the merits of a dvertisement for corporations far outweigh its defects. thus, i powerfully advocate that advertisement contributes to the amplification of the profit of enterprises and should be retained.

The Roles Media Plays In Contemporary Society

The Roles Media Plays In Contemporary SocietyMedia communication is full of contradictions, nevertheless one cannot cross the all important(p) part it plays in social life, part which has kept and will maintain its importance along time. In this essay, I will analyze the importance and the tinge of mount media in contemporary society, presenting twain their positive and negative effects, in terms of the qualitys they play. I will start by presenting the advantages of the informative and informative functions (which are essential in a society dependant on cud media for learning), while withal mentioning their negative effects, by referring to the manipulation of familiar tactual sensation and the using of media as a medium of propaganda. I will continue by discussing the presence of infotainment and its benefits, but also the educative business office of mass media, nevertheless without ignoring the negative cheeks which come with access to reading for a population seg ment which does not call for the ability to select and process it. I will not miss the opportunity of speaking just about the social binder (between people or civilizations) function, and also about the tendency of the population of aligning to opinion streams I will close by presenting some limiting factors for the mass media military force.Most people take aim certain by mover of pack and television, these channels satisfying, by the information they provide, a fundamental fate of the modern man information. Furthermore, by their dimensions, mass media facilitate dish outing the information and increase the speed by which a message is relayed. The continuous worldwide information flow helps individuals find the latest news which whitethorn influence their decisions, coordinate their businesses, help them know which areas are or will be affected by natural disasters or conflicts in order to avoid them and so on. Still, many multiplication, the media offer more than inform ation. By performer of media, one can influence, orient and direct public opinion, interests and motivations, consciences, even beyond ones own will. sight media whitethorn lead even unto the destruction of the discernment and the creation of an apathy, it may overthrow the will to apprehend and act. American mass media theorists, Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948), dedicate argued that we may be guilty of paid such close tending to the information with which the media bombard us, thereof getting to confuse knowing about social problems with doing something about them. They called this admiration the narcotizing dysfunction, linking it to the social consequences of mass media. Individuals replace reality with a surrogate of reality. Furthermore, people can be misinformed done mass media. Many times, we read untrue articles in newspapers and magazines, whether these articles are about what is happening virtually the world or about important persons in social life. The media buil d but also destroy reputations, which happens most of the times in politics. A good example, according to Layborn (2002), are the scandals surrounding the Secretary of cite for War, John Profumo (1963) and the Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe (1970s). Politicians are presented, launched to the public with the analogous techniques used in set up a new brand of toothpaste or soap. Pop stars, as a class, are the creation of media. remain in the area of negative aspects, I can also include the fact that mass media puddle cognitive, affective and behavioural addictions. These addictions lead to a certain level of defiance which aggravates the cognitive gulf. Those who are informed become more and more informed and those who are misinformed remain misinformed.As to the interpretative function, this is somewhat colligate to the informative role, because it supposes the acceptance of the information by the individual without processing it through ones own reason. The contents of co mmunication theory are generated by the publics needs, so the information will be processed enough to satisfy these needs. nurture consumers may also receive direct help in interpreting some events by the heart of editorials or comments in newspapers and magazines. Thus, the reader or viewer not only received the information in the state it was conceived, they are also given the manner in which they should regard and understand that information. The press relies on the authority of the written word, while television relies on the fact that tropes seem authentic and the citizen tends to say, most of the times I have seen it with my own eyes, not realizing that they have actually only seen what others wanted them to see.The media cease to be a news organ and become an instrument of propaganda. In all societies and in whoevers service it may be, propaganda aims to shape certain attitudes and impose social stereotypes, it tends to impose conditions on the individual, by creating auto mate mechanisms with the purpose of tyrannical and manipulating behaviour or society (voting for a certain political party, purchasing certain goods, etc). Great leaders of all times have used manipulation techniques, some of them to keep their federal agency, others to control population. Even snooze had paid attention to the means of information at that time, which have offered him advantages before his enemies. His statements remained famous Four aggressive newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets. World War I is considered to have been a propagandist battle between the English and the Germans and that the American audience was the target of messages in pamphlets, posters and other means of communication. During World War II, the Nazi have developed an elaborate propaganda system in order to father regime support both in Germany and abroad. It is one of the convictions of Media Lens that the corporate mass media constitute a propaganda system for elite inter ests (Edwards and Cromwell, 2006). Those who have high social positions, govern or lead large institutions have control on the media (or even own it, as it is the case for the Italian prime-minister Berlusconi), using them to manipulate population with the purpose of meeting their own interests. The renowned professor Chomsky (2003) implements The Propaganda Model in the case of the Iraq war as well. Large corporations, among which Haliburton or British Petroleum, have used the mass media in order to internationally spread false information on Saddam Hussein, such as him producing mass destruction weapons and supporting terrorism, information which later proved to be untrue. The population, being scared by the artificially created reality, has eventually joined in, by sustaining the war in Iraq and, indirectly, the interests of the great moguls. New York Times revealed (1st December, 2005) that the USA had used black propaganda by paying Iraqi journalists to translate and publish in local newspapers articles written in the US by a public relations company financed by the Pentagon. Furthermore, after investigations were lead, false journalists providing news articled to the BBC were discovered. False information was broadcast by television, while the journalists were secretly working for organizations sustained by the British Ministry of Defence in a propaganda operation (Media Lens, 2005).As to its entertainment function, the mass media, e additionally television, offer the cheapest and most accessible means of entertainment, compared to attending concerts and shows. A few minutes of ones favourite show can relax, make one parry the hard time they are going through. The internet is a good mean of entertainment through its multitude of online games, music, the possibility of interactive communication with friends. One of the researchers of the contemporary phenomenon of media, Claude-Jean Bertrand (2000), notes that most of consumers search for entertainment i n the mass media. Thus, most means of communications provide it, even newspapers. This function plays a particularly important part in todays society, even more that it combines extremely efficiently with the others. Vicky Hay (1990) considers that the challenge of infotainment instruction in television, with its assorted kinds and media formats (talk-shows, contests, games, interactive transmissions, etc) represent the main cause of cultivating this tendency in the written press as well. The second cause is money, respectively in an industry such as the media one, which operates on a competitive foodstuff, where it is all about maintaining/gaining/regaining a larger audience segment, which brings in itself publicity, money that is. entirely there is also a negative aspect in the entertainment function of mass media, which is the seek of relaying obscene or negative messages through music or violent movies, or by (even involuntarily) creating false, stinky models for the publi c which is exposed, but has no ability to select or process information, such as children.The audiovisual aid channel continuously dimensions the knowledge universe of the receivers, by influencing and inducing them values, conceptions, convictions, stereotypes, etc. That is why the educative role that the media have in society has an importance that should not be underestimated the large spectrum of TV channels, from the most various domains, constitutes an important source of broadening ones knowledge horizon. Also, television can be a culture broadcaster, thus concerts/theatre plays gathering more viewers than spectators. Documentaries, homage evocations of personalities, flashbacks have more power than books do in refreshing the publics awareness on a personality or even on history, in general. But, as a negative effect of the educative function, we must mention that television, as a time devourer, has brought a real reading crisis, television shows meeting the ethnical needs of a mankind too rush to be able to focus on traditional means. Also, in countries with a reduced cinematographic production, flooding the market with foreign commercial productions may lead to the cultural denationalization of the audience. Studies lead by American psychologists regarding the impact of American serial movies with youth as their main audience indicate that 45% of teenagers shape and eat up their sexual knowledge based on these movies and also learn how to communicate with their parents from them. (Van Evra, J., 1990) The negative side of this aspect is that, by having access to adult subjects, children lose the naivety and innocence specific to their age and are a lot more prone to yielding to various temptations (from smoking and drugs to delinquencies).Live broadcasting of an event makes the latter(prenominal) dilate, and public (national or international) opinion becomes a resonance box where the echoes of the event ensure its amplification. Thus, television has t he role of ensuring the social bond in individualist mass society (any person being able to attach when and how they want from home, being able to freely participate, in their privacy, in a fundamentally collective activity). Thereby, mass media may generate a social solidarity mechanism in case of natural disasters or special personal situation which requires help from the other members of society.By analyzing the effects of mass media, one can coiffure the term of consonance as aligning to opinion streams. The Spiral of Silence (Schweigespirale) theory describes this phenomenon starting from the habituation of individual opinion on the paramount opinion expressed by the mass media. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (1993) synthesises this theory as follows society threatens the deviant with isolation, individuals are more afraid of isolation than of error, individuals evaluate the favourable or bad climate of their own opinion, evaluation leads to taking an attitude (expressing ones o pinion or keeping ones opinions secret). Individuals who share the dominant point of view easily share it, while individuals who do not share this opinion throttle themselves in silence, for fear of isolation. Thus, public opinion represents, from this perspective, the opinion that can be expressed publicly without the riskiness of isolation.A secondary function of mass media, that of reinforcing social norms, is achieved through the fact that television exposes any going away from these norms to the judgment of public opinion. According to DeFleur (1989), the individual behaviour is guided by ones perception on cultural norms. Thus, by the means of presentation, underscoring and selection, television reinforces the viewers opinions on these cultural norms. Television also has a ample impact in imposing fashion and the feminine or masculine beauty type.One of the moments which brought glory to the mass media is the Watergate Process, journalists being the ones who caused the re signation of the American president Nixon on August 8th, 1974, thus gaining the fame of fourth power in the state. The death of princess Diana has again given television the opportunity of showing its advantages in catching public interest and transforming an event into an international tragedy. Still, there are limits to the power the mass media has, opponent forces whether political, institutional, or representing the reclusive business environment which, at their turn, manipulate the information the press offers. Also, the commercial pressure of profit and competition, as well as direct pressure from political institutions or even peoples scepticism limit the power of mass media.What are the conclusions that can be drawn from these aspects we have presented? The mass media are a double-edged tool. On the one hand, they form and on the other they deform. In a post-industrial society where information reaches the same value as capital or resources, using means of information and communication such as mass media becomes a necessity. Nevertheless, I consider that the mass media are both a positive image and a negative image creator, a source of information as well as a tool of propaganda, a sine qua non of modern society.

The Nature Versus Nurture Debate Sociology Essay

The Nature Versus Nurture wall Sociology EssayThroughout the history of human existence, there eat always been interviews that tolerate plagued man for centuries. virtually of these questions be what is the meaning of life and which came first, the chicken or the egg. in spite of appearance the past 400 years a new question has surfaced which proposes our minds to much further levels. The question asked is whether reputation or nurture has more of an encroachment on the growing development of population. It is a fact that a combination of nature and nurture chat up important roles in how humans be arouse socially. However, I believe that nature has a more autocratic role in the development of how multitude behave in society with regards to sexual orientation, crimes and violence and intellectual disorders.Height, hair color, eye color and sex argon just a few examples of ways our desoxyribonucleic acid has shaped us. But could it be realistic that our DNA alike aff ects the way we behave in society. It is possible that comp geniusnttics affect us is more ways that we may have imagined. Dr. Peter B. Neubaur believes that shyness, eating disorders, obsessional behavior and psychological illness can all be traced back to our genetics.Sexual orientationis too believed to be derived from genes in our body which squ atomic number 18 what sexual preference we prefer. Violence and other types of crimes can be linked back throughout a persons lineage to witness that other family members have been committed sympathetic crimes without ever meeting one and other.Throughout our lives we have all been influenced by our surround and other outdoors forces. Our milieu may change the way we think, act and behave in life. Since we are all products of our environment, it comes to no surprise that we, as humans, tend to behave in a society the same way others well-nigh us behave but at the same time we strive to find who we really are (Schaefer 73). Sinc e hold, humans have always analyzed the world around them. With each day that passes, humans take in more and more information from the outside world. The information which humans obtain through their environment subconsciously influences the decisions people make throughout their daily life (Neubauer 16). On the other hand, our genetics also play a vital role in determining what type of person we are and what entrust we become.The sexual orientation of a person has been a critical debate over the past several(prenominal) centuries. For several decades some(prenominal) people believed that nurture had a more profound impact on the sex of humans than did nature. Even the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud believed that sexual orientation was derived from nurture. Freud developed a theory which explains that at birth till the age of tetrad e actually child is bisexual. When the child reaches the age of around four, he/she begins to apprehend to withhold their steping for members of the same sex and start expressing those sexual feeling to members of the opposite sex. Freud proposed the idea that phallic homosexuality originates when this all-important(a) develop psychogenic stage is hindered by some outside force also know as nurture. According to Freud, this can occur when either a chided is raised in a unparented household or with an overbearing mother figure. However, when this idea was actually tested, it did not fall through as many would expect it would (Steen 185). Since many years after Freuds passing, it has become apparent that nature holds a impregnable role in the development of sexual orientation of humans.If nurture isnt the cause for sexual orientation thus nature must be. According to Grant Steen, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, a lifesize scan was recently conducted which gathered jolly males who have either alike orfraternal matchor adopted brothers. The goal of the lead would be to see if genetics pla yed a role in twins. At the end of the survey more than half of theidentical twinsof gay men were also found to be homosexuals. At the same time only close 22% of the fraternal twins were found to be gay and only 11% of the adopted brothers were gay. What these statistics show is that DNA plays a really important role in determining sexual orientation. Nature seems to have such a large impact on the sexual orientation of individuals that I feel that nurture has al intimately little or no effect on whether a person is homosexual or not.If homosexuality is genetic thusly there should be a dramatic occurrence of homosexuality with families who have many homosexual relatives than to families in the general public who do not have homosexual relatives. Another survey was conducted in which 114 openly homosexual men were asked questions about the sexual orientation of their relatives. The study showed that homosexuality is indeed strongly meet in some families among the brothers of men in this study, the incidence of homosexuality was nearly s even out-fold higher than in the state at large (Steen 197).Homosexualitycan be considered hereditary because families with one gay relative are more likely to have others somewhere in their family lineage.Some skeptics may begin to raise the question that if homosexuality is genetic then there should be a gay gene in our DNA. aft(prenominal) many studies, scientists have found that there is at least one gene which is responsible for homosexuality. though this is not conclusive evidence because scientists still havent unlocked all of the DNA strands, scientists figure that with time and the overture of technology we one day might be able to actually pin point this gay gene in DNA (Plomin 337).ReporterJeff McMullenof ABC interviewedDavid Reimerin May of 2000 who fell victim of a botched circumcision when he was only eight months old. The doctors at the time felt that David would be better take living the rest of his life as a girl. The doctors believed that the nurturing of a child and not nature would determine their psychological make-up. David explained to McMullen that throughout his entire childhood he felt out of place. It seemed that even though David grew up as a woman, inside he felt something was wrong. This interview strongly supports the idea that nature plays a vital role in determining sex. No matter how much of an effort was put in to surround Davids environment with feminine characteristics, it would not be strong enough to over come the alive power of nature. From the time of conception, nature has already planed out many important factors which will effect our lives in so many ways. If nature does control our sexual preferences then it is possible that it could control many other facets of human existence.In the linked States about twenty million crimes occur each year and most of the time the criminals are repeat offenders. One may begin to speculate whether society in the uni te States promotes crimes or are criminals born with the desire to commit these heinous crimes. According to Steen there is evidence from a large study of adopted children which shows that there is a tendency for children to reenact the criminal behavior of their biologic parents. So even if a child was adopted and was raised in a house which had nocriminal activities, the child would be more likely to commit the same crimes as their biological parents which they have never met. This obviously disproves the notion that people are taught and raised to commit crimes.The East Coast sniper buttocks Lee Malvo would hide in remote places all along the east coast and would shoot and gobble up people when the opportunity arose. Doctor Patricia Haensly believes that the DNA of John Lee Malvo differed from most peoples DNA. She came to the conclusion that most criminals are born with the genes that allow them to not think about the actions that they are coming are immoral. This is a very t rue statement because most people commit some type of crime, granted not death penalty but more along the lines of littering, but we tell ourselves that its not a problem and forget about it moments later. Murderers may feel the same way about killing as some people feel about littering. Nature also has a strong impact on domestic violence. In the linked States over 18% of all homicides involved family members killing each other (Steen 228). This can lead to the evidence that just as the households which have one gay member are more likely to have other homosexually oriented family members households which have one member who commits violent acts are more likely to have other family members who commit similar acts of violence.Sometimes nature cannot explain all the crimes committed in the United States. Some may feel that simply living in such an environment places young people at special risk of falling victim to aggressive behavior (Ferguson 81). For example, if a person is ce aselessly surrounded by crimes and violence, then that person is more likely to commit the same crimes. However it may just be that people who live in bad areas would still commit those same crimes even if they resided in a low crime environment. Never-the-less your environment should not allow youre to commit the same crimes no matter how much crime is going on. If a person keeps committing crimes in a bad approximation then it is most likely that the DNA of that person convinces them that it is all right to commit murders. This explains why many people in jails in the United States are repeat offenders. One may begin to wonder if there is more to these criminals than what is on the surfaceMany mental disorders have been scientifically proven to be heritable. Manic-depression is a trait which is inheritable through family lineage. Many separate studies have arrived at the conclusion that identical twins are more likely to acquire manic-depression than do fraternal twins. In fact f our out of every five twins tend to share the same types of mental disorders (Steen 141). One study found that risks of clinical depression are much higher in certain families than in others. finish relatives of those who are depressed are three times more likely to suffer from depression than people who dont have depression in their family history (Steen 147). This further secures the fact that nature plays such a crucial role over nurture in our lives and within our own families.There are some mental diseases such asschizophreniawhich adults may suffer from which some people believed is cause from various problems in a persons childhood. This leads many so speculate that the roots of schizophrenia extend far back into childhood. Within the past ten years a discovery was made which scientists were able to link a gene on our chromosome to schizophrenia. This schizophrenic gene would be a dominant gene which means that if any person had this gene in their DNA then it is likely that he/she would suffer from schizophrenia. Even though more research needs to be done on the schizophrenic gene, it still provides us information which could one day lead to the solving of schizophrenia and many other devastating diseases (Steen 151).It has become clear that nature and nurture both play very important roles in how humans behave in a society. I feel that nature plays the more domineering role in the foundation of human existence. every though every day we are bombarded with outside forces, it is our internal make up that determines how we would react to our environment. Our environment only adds to what nature has given to us. If we use it in the correct ways then it will be beneficial to society and our selves. However, once the environment starts to turn to the ways of violence and crimes we can only fag that it will only have negative effects from any point you look at it.

Impact of Pop Art and Design on British Culture of the 1960s

Impact of crop up artistic production and Design on British Culture of the 1960s land ruse is a 20th century art accomplishment and style that had its origins in England in the 1950s and spread across the globe ( around nonably the US) in the 60s. Pop artists often utilised the techniques and imagery of belt down assimilation, incorporating everyday objects much(prenominal) as comic strips, billboards, supermarket products, pictures of celebrities and magazine advertisements into their work. The most well-known and influential artists were Richard Hamilton and David Hockney (British) and Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg (American). This paper will examine the impact of Pop Art on British culture of the 1960s, with a special emphasis on the movements leading witness, David Hockney.While Pop Art in its earliest incarnation in late 50s Britain had a nostalgic flavour, as it spread, it was consistently linked much to the wealth and prosperity of the post World War II era (Biddington, 2007). The term was world-class coined by the English critic Lawrence Allo management in a 1958 issue of Architectural Digest to describe the paintings that celebrated post-war consumerism, defied the attributes of overturn Expressionism, and worshiped at the alter of materialism (Pioch, 2002). Practitioners of Pop Art replaced the epic with the everyday and the unique with the mass-produced, eroding the mend divide between high and low art, good and bad taste and okay art and commercial art (ibid). Advertising and the media were some of Pop Arts favourite subjects, and the artists seemed to simultaneously celebrate and critique consumer orderlinessOftentimes the work itself suggested the depersonalized processes of mass production in areas of popular taste and kitsch previously considered come inside the limits of fine art. It rejected the attributes associated with art as an expression of disposition. Works were close enough to real ity and at the said(prenominal) time it was clear that they were non ready-mades but artificial re-creations of real things (Damjanovic, 2006).Considered by many to be the first Pop Art piece is Richard Hamiltons Just What Is It that Makes Todays Home so Different, so Appealing?, which incorporated legion(predicate) references to popular culture and materialism (Biddington, 2007). Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg followed his lead and used popular imagery such as the American flag and beer cans in their paintings, collages and prints, objet dart Andy Warhol favoured the use of famous people and everyday objects in his silkscreens (ibid). Alternatively, Roy Lichtenstein utilised a comic strip style in his paintings. However, perhaps the most important artist of them all (and authenticly the most famous and highly publicised British artist of his generation) was David Hockney.By age eleven he had already decided that he wanted to be an artist, and years later he attended the gallant College of Art in London, where, in his own words, herealised that there were two groups of students there a traditional group, who carried on as they had done in art school, doing still life, life painting and figure compositions and then what I thought of as the more adventurous, lively students, the brightest ones, who were involved in the art of their time. They were doing gargantuan Abstract Expressionist paintings on hardboard (Lucie-Smith, 1999).Hockney, in turn, tried his hand at abstraction, but erect it too bleak. In search of his own style, he rejected figure-painting as anti-modern and experimented by including words in his paintings in order to humanise them these, however, were soon joined by figures painted in a intentionally rough and rudimentary style which owed a great deal to Jean Dubuffet (ibid).After a prize-winning public life at the Royal College of Art, Hockney achieved international success by the time he reached his mid-20s with a show at the Y oung Contemporaries Exhibition in January, 1961 (Pioch, 2002). This show marked the public emergence of Pop Art in the UK, with Hockney as one of the movements leaders. His paintings of this period were often playful and witty (very much in the mineral vein of Pop Art), although he was also adept at more serious and traditionally representational portraiture, such as Mr. and Mrs. Clark and Percy (Tate, London, 1970) (ibid). Hockney was also a skilled draftsman and graphic artist, and his work in this field including sculpted illustrations to Cavafys Poems (1967) and Six Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (1969).Hockneys success was so rapid that after leaving school he did not have to rely on teaching to make a living, like the majority of his contemporaries (Lucie-Smith, 1999). In the early sixties he travelled to Egypt, Italy, Germany and the United States. He fell in love with Los Angeles, where, in his own wordsWithin a week of arriving there in this strange big city, not knowi ng a soul, Id passed the driving test, bought a car, driven to Las Vegas and won some money, got myself a studio, started painting, all inside a week. And I thought, its just how I imagined it would be (ibid).Upon his return to England he began to make a serial publication of prints which were an updated version of Hogarths Rakes Progress, and which reflected his American experiences (Gurewitsch, 2006). He also began using acrylics rather than oil paint, which led to five one-person(prenominal) shows in 1966 throughout Europe, and later his first major retrospective exhibition, at the Whitechapel Art Gallery in London (Lucie-Smith, 1999).By this time, Pop Art, with Hockney as its patron and star, was widely popular in Britain, andcoincided with the youth and pop music phenomenon of the 1950s and 60s, and became very much a part of the image of fashionable, swinging London. Peter Blake, for example, intentional album covers for Elvis Presley and the Beatles and placed film stars su ch as Brigitte Bardot in his pictures in the same way that Warhol was immortalizing Marilyn Monroe in the USA (West, 1996).It could be argued that while Hockneys work was the impetus for the growing acceptance and influence of the movement, in many ways he himself was the reason for its success. For Hockney wasnt simply a talented artist he was a personality. With his bleached hair, his outward homosexuality (the subtext of which was also found in his work), his vocal admiration of Whitman and Cavafy, his eccentricity and gregariousness made him straight likeable (Lucie-Smith, 1999). There was an even a film about him, his life and his work (Jack Hazans A big Splash) that was widely popular.People saw in Hockney the embodiment of the freedom and newness of the 60s, the tearing down and humanising of the sacred and the revered, along with a newfound openness to sexuality, and it is difficult to say where the work stopped and the person began that is, was Pop Art the influencer, or was it Hockney himself? Were the widespread effects attributed to the movement (low art rising to the status of high and vice-versa the pasts powerful icons abruptly relegated to mere products and everyday objects achieving the level of works of art pop culture supplanting tired, traditional culture the old art world establishment being turned on its head etc.) because of his paintings or his personality? Furthermore, was Hockney himself the catalyst for this, or was he merely following the zeitgeist? While it is difficult to say, two things are certain Hockney was an important figure during this time, and 60s Britain was forever changed.Hockney eventually turned away from Pop Art painting, and branched out into other forms, including photography, set design, costumes, lithographs and even work made using colour photocopiers. As for Pop Art, while it still survived in Britain, thanks to artists such as Hamilton, R.B. Kitaj, Allen Jones, Eduardo Paolozzi and Peter Blake, for the mos t part it became more associated with its American counterparts, ending up the territory of Warhol and the like. But the movements effects on the artwork and cultural climate lingered for a long time, virtually transforming television, advertising and packaging, not to mention photography (David Bailey, John Cowan, Robert Whitaker) and architecture (Cedric Price, Alison and Peter Smithson).BibliographyBiddington, J. Pop Art What is it? Pedigree and Provenance, 2007.http//www.biddingtons.com/content/pedigreepop.htmlDamjanovic, Sasa. Pop Art. HuntFor.com, 2006.http//www.huntfor.com/arthistory/C20th/popart.htmDormer, Peter. Design Since 1945. London Thames Hudson, 1984.Green, Jonathon. All Dressed Up The mid-sixties and the Counterculture. London Pimlico, 1999.Gurewitsch, Matthew. David Hockney and Friends. The Smithsonian, 2006.Lucie-Smith, E. Lives of the Great 20th-Century Artists. London Thames Hudson, 1999.Pioch, Nicolas. Pop Art. WebMuseum, Paris, 2002.http//www.ibiblio.org/wm/ paint/tl/20th/pop-art.htmlWest, Shearer (ed.). The Bulfinch Guide to Art business relationship A Comprehensive Survey and Dictionary of Western Art and Architecture. Boston Little Brown and Co., 1996.

Activity Based Costing (ABC) Advantages and Disadvantages

occupation Based appeal ( alphabet) Advantages and DisadvantagesActivity Based following which is popularly known as alphabet dust has been considered as an economic map of an organizations expenses and positiveness viled on organizational activities gibe to Kaplan R and Cooper R.An drill is an event, task or unit of work with a specified purpose, for instance, designing a growth, set up implements, operating machines, and distributing products by Horngren, Foster, Datar. According to Kaplan R.S Cooper R rudiment agreement of rules came in the mid-1980s to meet the unavoidableness for accu set information compulsory by managers about monetary value of resources demanded by individual products, services and customers. It emerged as emulation moved from topical anesthetic to global and from the economic use of behave force back and machines. dousing Costing also known as in effect(p) addressing is a traditional costing system developed in the 1900s, by which b udget itemss incurred within a point in time were meshed into the products by Kilgour D. The traditional assimilation costing was introduced at a time when technology was simpler, competition was local, products were standard and not customised products and services, speed, quality and performance were not measurement for achiever in reference to Kaplan R.S Cooper R.Importance of preoccupation Costing organization or Activity Based CostingAccording to Horngren, Foster Datar, the splendor of a costing system should depend on whether the caller-up is producing cardinal type of product and therefore could exclusivelyocate all operating cost cost employ one cost family and one cost rate or whether the company is producing varied kind of products and therefore need a system which could enable it apportion the hail cost of resources accurately jibe to their usage of those resources. As companies began to expand and delve into producing variety of products, they began to no tice that near products place much demand on their resources than others.It became important to absorb overhead when products which be not the same but required different achievement processes or jobs which although the use the same facility but at a length of time according to Terry L. To ascertain how to apportion overheads to products or services, traditional absorption costing involves two stages the first stage is the assignation and apportionment and the second stage is the use of absorption rate to absorb overheads into products.Overhead Allocation Terry L overhead tryst is the assigning of all cost incurred to a single cost unit, reduce reputation or time period.Overhead Apportionment This is a case where the be incurred could not be identified with only one cost centre therefore the cost is sh atomic number 18d between the cost centres using that service, for instance, lighten up cost would be shared between all the cost centres using a suitable basis, Terry L. It is important that the basis upon which cost are apportioned are relevant, fair and equitable Terry L.Overhead Absorption Rate This is usually calculated at the beginning of a period therefore it is based on budgeted cost and production volumes, AAT units 89. The formula is as follows Total overheads of cost centreTotal number of units of absorption base applicable to cost centreAccording to Terry L before calculating absorption rate, the absorption base chosen has to reflect the characteristics of the wedded cost centre. The basis most commonly employ are aspire labour hours for a labour intensive cost centre and the machine hour basis usually used where the cost centre is highly mechanised. With exception of the above two basis, other basis include command wages, Direct material, Prime cost and Cost unit.ABC scheme Activity Based Costing began in a manufacturing setting but has been more service -oriented than product oriented. Service Industries as much as manufacturing i ndustries need ABC system to connect the cost resources they supply to the revenues earned by the individual products and customers serviced by these resources in reference to Horngren, Foster Datar.ABC System has three key features are (1) With the system all be used by a product whether variable or fixed in the short-run or overheads( indirect be)in the long-run are identified by creating cost pools as ABC is focused on long-run variable costs for instance as Terry L said, costs for supporting activities uniform stock handling, production scheduling and so on.Cost Pool Classifying all related costs to a particular employment together according to Terry L.(2) The second feature of ABC system is An center of an activity performed in each(prenominal) cost pool is recognised as a basis of allocation for instance, set-up hours as a measure of set up activity. Horngren, Foster, Datar.(3) The third feature is that costs in a cost pool can sometimes be traced directly to products. Horngren, Foster, Datar.The Differences Between Traditional Absorption Costing and Activity Based Costing.The differences between the two costing system are easy to notice. Below are lists of some of themThe traditional absorption costing was introduced at the time when technology was simple, there was only local competition and not global, when products were standard not customised, from Kaplan S.R Cooper R.ABC system emerged at the time when competition had become global and fierce and had shifted from the efficient use of labour hours and machines, by Kaplan S.R Cooper R.The traditional costing uses in the main two allocation bases to allocate overheads to products direct labour basis for a labour intensive company and the machine hour basis for a highly mechanised company. These two bases would not capture the demand of a particular product on the resources of the organisation. There are no set and effect relationship to an allocation base with the use of this method, Horng ren, Foster, Datar.With ABC system, costs of activities within the organisation are more accurately measured because the cost pools are properly structured with specific activity cost allocation bases which became cost drivers for the cost pool. Cost Driver factor influencing the level of cost from Terry L.In the traditional absorption system, absorption rates are based on predetermined figures thereby giving rise to low and over absorption of overhead. Under absorption arises when the estimated overhead is less than the unfeigned overhead. Over absorption of overhead arises when the overhead absorbed exceeds the actual overhead from AAT Study text units 89.The measurement required to implement ABC system are costly as the system demands that management should estimate costs of activity pool, identify and measure cost drivers for the cost pools to serve as allocation bases from, Horngren, Foster, Datar.The use of ABC system will require its activity cost rates to be updated regu larly and a detailed ABC system consumes time, is difficult to understand and operate, Horngren, Foster Datar.Illustration As an instance of the differences between traditional absorption costing and activity based costing,with concern to set up activity, the effect of allocating all overheads using direct labour hours as against an ABC emphasis on individual activities, the name of the company shall be called Z. Z produces two kinds of lense systemes for an automobile company. The first product is a simple lenses, the second product is called complex lenses.Set ups involves trial runs, o.k. tuning, adjustments, wrong set-ups cause quality problems such as scratches . Each set-up requires different resources depending on the complexity of the operation. Complex lenses are produced in small batches because the form has to be cleaned more often. Horngren, Foster Datar.According to Horngren, Foster, Datar, set-up data for simple lens and complex lens areSimple ComplexS3 lens C L5 lens Total(1) Quantity produced 60,000 15,000(2) Lens per batch 240 50(3) No of batches (1/2) 250 three hundred(4) Set-up time per batch 2hours 5hours(5) Total set-up hours (3)*(4) 500hours cl0hours 2000hoursDirect manufacturing labour hours 30000hrs 9750hrs 39750hrsZ recognises total cost of set-ups comprising of allocated costs of process engineers, supervisors, set-up equipment of 300,000.Solution The table below shows how the set-up costs have been allocated to simple and complex lenses using direct labour hours and apparatus hoursSetup cost per direct labour hours(300,000/39750)=7.54717Setup cost per setup hours(300,000/2000)= 150Simple Complex TotalS3 lens CL5 lensCost allocated using direct labour hrs7.54717* 30000 7.54717*9750 226,415 73,585 300,000Cost allocated using setup hrs150*500 150*1500 75,000 225,000 300,000Implementing the Activity Based Costing SystemThe election of implementing Activity Based Costing depends on the managers after evaluating the advantages and disadvantages, controlling the amount of details required and cost.ABC system enables management to see their breathing and predetermined cost of activities and business processes which then equips them with knowledge of the cost and profitability of the various products, services, customers and operating units according to Kaplan S.R, Cooper R. There are several(prenominal) steps the company could take to change the existing costing system. These are metre 1 List all the activities of the company performed by indirect and supportResources, for instance, material handling, schedule production and so on.Step 2 Find out how much the company is spending on each activity in the company.Step 3 Indentify the companys products, services and customers, Kaplan S.R, Cooper R.Step 4 Charge support overheads by their usage of the activity with emphasis on theCause-effect relationship.Recommendation ABC system is recommended since it provides more accurate productCosts. The system has been used successfully in some service industriessuch(prenominal) as the Cooperative Banks to identify profitability, product mixes,Improve efficiency and encounter customers, Horngren, Foster Datar.

Portrayal Of Homosexual Characters In Disney Film Studies Essay

Portrayal Of Homo familiar Characters In Disney call for Studies EssayThe Walt Disney Comp any(prenominal) targettime appeargond in America (and soon after the rest of the world) in the 1920s. 90 years later and it is still going tender and is a partnership to be reckoned with. From their beginnings as a simple spirit keep caller-up, it now c everywheres gobs of different genres of adopt as well as branching break through to television companies, theme parks, books, theatre adaptations, cruises and music labels. To date, Disney has produced 49 animated considers, 10 live-action, 11 DisneyToon productions, two stop-motion and 10 Pixar films with the hugely anticipated release of philander Story 3 in June 2010. But concentrating on their principal(prenominal) produce, their position of animated films has been experience by anyone from the ages of 1 to 101. Disney is at the forefront of family fun as well as a form of escapism (a flitting elephant, living toys, mermaid s and monsters?) and a hidden (if not obvious to adults) way to shut in morality to children as early as manageable. However, who decides what morals to portray in these very Ameri disregardised films? In recent times, Disney films yield a crap beamed the social climate with the substructure of the first black protagonist in The Princess and the Frog (2009). So as these films be becoming true to life and educating future generations, has at that place been an workforcetal institution of non- heterosexual person characters as well?The Disney Companys first feature length animated film Snow White and the Seven D warves (1937) was a colossal project which pushed every employee working on the production extremely hard but the results were outlay it. The amalgamation of a moral filled story with realistic animation so paved the way for the following Disney films during, what was known as their palmy Age Pinocchio (1940), Fantasia (1940), Dumbo (1941) and Bambi (1942). The mo rals take overed within these films and all to follow, were seen by conservative Ameri mountains as all important(predicate) family set and presumptioned upon Disney to teach these set to everyone.For more(prenominal) than 50 years Walt Disney Company has represented all that is good and pure and nutrient in our nation. Families flocked to Walk Disney World and Disneyland because they knew that Walt Disney respected and nurtured the traditional Ameri put up family and its strong moral values. Disney could always be counted on to provide p argonnts and children alike with family-friendly, benignant entertainmentLetter from a coalition of Florida lawmakers, 1995However, are these morals and values shared by all? And does the way in which they are pictured really reflect reality? They are Ameri endure ideals of conservative family values which support the life storyline of romance, marriage (to someone of the opposite sex) and then children in a parallel world to that of the traditional Anglo-Saxon, Christian American upbringing. Reading further into these ideals are that of the issues of individuality, love and capitalism that are universe depicted to all Disney knockouts, namely children. These viewers cannot differentiate what is being shown to them as not necessarily the reality of the world (as the world consists of more than retributory the one religion of Christianity). New generations of children subjected to Disney films are growing up with ideologies from these stories as they harbour faith in them to contain some element of truth. non all the storylines can be deemed as promoting negative beliefs though. Disney movies always contain an aspect of the follow your heart love which if regarded as the most important moral, then maybe some peck go out overlook the American family values shown in favour of love. However, this follow your heart belief can and really exist within some religions as others expect hard rulings as to who you c an marry and really fall in love with.Throughout film history (up until recently), there were very few storylines which contained a fairylike or lesbian character as a protagonist. The general film public saw those films, which did include a main audacious character, as gay-themed (so not to their tastes) or alternative. In recent years, filmmakers stir seen a niche in the market for gay films, although it was in 1896 with The unreal Closet that a gay subtext was used within in a film. It would then take some 70 years later ahead Queer Cinema would come about. Censorship on quirk in films came about in Britain in 1912 with the founding of the British Board of Film Censors and in 1934, the Production Code in America was enforced. Within this strict guideline for good taste was that homo sexual practice or bisexuality essential never be represented or even inferred. Slowly though, gay and lesbian characters were brought into films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Clu eless (1995) and wand Elliot (2000). But as previously said, only in sustenance roles as the gay best friend. When they finally were given the main storylines, the characters were shown to imitate heterosexualism as much as possible to be accepted. This can be seen in Philadelphia (1993) where many a(prenominal) believe this to a patronising look at gay life and the yearning to be accepted as public in a heterosexual world. There are no offensive scenes of affection between Hanks and his partner within in the film.Queer personal identity can be related to many different wad not tho gay and lesbian individuals. The Western world may come along like a land of equality but to those in the minorities, it is not. Studies kick in shown it is suggested by traditional teachers and career advisors that schoolgirls go into feminine jobs (Apter, 2000) while schoolboys are driven away from jobs seen as traditionally fe manlike (Woodward, 2000). Men and womens identities score pitch d however as equality for women in the workplace is fought more and more showing that young-bearing(prenominal)s can be the provider that men traditionally were. This leaves the men unsure of their identity in the world but through normal culture and mass media, they can be shown as well as women where they belong in contemporary life. So as society has exit accepting of women in the workplace by it being rewardd by best-selling(predicate) culture and mass media (but perhaps not by Disney films) that when non-heterosexual characters are introduced, tolerance towards them should improve? With Disney films, the morals and values are chosen so it can be said that capitalism will control how homosexuality is visualised and dealt with. Despite this limited perspective, society is becoming more suit of different sexualities although many non-heterosexuals are still facing prejudice and discrimination from older generations and others. America is slightly less open-minded than the UK as a survey by Gallup showed that although homosexuality is tolerated more as an acceptable lifestyle, 42 per cent of the people surveyed felt that homosexuality should be illegal. Contrasting against this is a poll from the same year showing that just 17% of people in England felt less positive towards non-heterosexuals (MORI, 2001).Heteronormativity can be defined as a set of lifestyle rules to which society follows and falls into a specific gender with an outlook of a traditional role in life. Heteronormativity occurs in nearly every film in various ways. It can promote the message of men being the dominating person in a relationship with women following after them being housewives. However it is commonly seen to promote that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation and any miscellanea of sexual relationships should only be between a man and a woman. slightlytimes it is obvious and other times the viewer does not greet that the story they are watching is promoting heterosexuality and that this is the ideal (or assumed, expected, ordinary and privileged) sexuality. viewers can recognise that films boast hidden meaning and semes such as good vs. evil, rich vs. poor, children vs. adults etc. However it is the seme of heterosexuality vs. homosexuality, which is the problem with films move heteronormativity.Films that set up neat systems of good and evil dos and donts are part of the pervasive simple-mindedness that posits heterosexuality and queerdom as irreconcilable opposites which cannot co-exist respectfully.Todd Hayward, The Lyin King artificial satellite Homo 69 (21st Sept 1994, 17)With heterosexuality being the assumed sexuality of society, this only reinforces discrimination and prejudice towards non-heterosexuals. The amount of different heterosexual storylines shown will increase the amount of heteronormativity within the media in general as generations are exposed to it. With heteronormativity shown in most popular culture, it w ithal redefines how homosexuality is perceived. It can be compared to public vs. private, with heterosexuality being public and homosexuality being private therefore something to be hidden. Even before a viewer experiences heteronormativity in a film, the masculine/feminine definitions of gender are promoted first. From this, sexuality, pleasance and identity can then come forth as the storylines and characters develop, which leads to heteronormativity. obviously it is easy to see that Disney films promote heteronormativity although many people believe Disney films to be sexually free, it can still be a non-sexual part of our lives. Disney films show the traditional domesticity of the roles of men and women against a credible heterosexual backdrop by replacing sex with romance and reinforcing the patriarchal family structure. This can be seen in Bambi (1942) as Bambis character is promoted as the King of the Forest and will take over from his father. It also depicts his forsaking of his dependence on his mother as she is killed during the film. The very over-used storyline of the princess or girl being romanticised by the male character, which then leads to an eventual wedding, is predominant in many Disney films. A parity of Disney films against other animated films from different companies make during 1990-2005, show that there is a much stronger hetero-romantic storyline in Disney films. Many Disney films collect a deferred payment to a hetero-romantic storyline, usually as the main plot but they also contain sexiness (Kazyak and Martin, 2009) as womens bodies are portrayed as sonsie with semi-revealing costumes. With these hetero-romantic storylines, heterosexuality is glamorised as being special and different from other kinds of relationships. It is shown to have the power to change the world (either by breaking a man (Beauty and the Beast), belonging to the ideal world (The slim Mermaid), stopping a war (Pocahontas) or changing an old-fashioned law (Aladdin)). These storylines are usually only shown through kissing and no other sexually embodiment. This can reinforce the heteronormativity, as Conservatives believe that any two characters have to be heterosexual unless seen kissing someone of the same sex. For instance, there could be some homosexual affection between Aladdin and the Genie but viewers do not read into this friendship with this outlook. The friendships portrayed in Disney films do not reflect reality as it is unusual for a female character to have a same sex friendship with another character unless they of a maternal nature, whereas in reality, many young girls and women have a female best friend. For males they usually have a comical friend/ buddy which could be said to show reality slightly more. All of this can be shown that Disney endorses heterosexuality within the majority of their films and even tries to influence the sentiment that being heterosexual is far more glamorous than being homosexual.With thi s educating outlook, Disney actually took another step by creating military and cultureal films during the 1940s. As the back up World War took its toll, Walt Disney knew his company was facing bankruptcy as the lucre from Snow White were transferred into the productions for Pinocchio and Fantasia but these did not reach the same last profits. With a strike by animators also, productions were delayed for months. Disney knew he had to keep his company going and believed that his animation films could be used to help the war ride through education and propaganda. Military training films were churned out at an terrible rate and low budgets. The films used the, by now, well-known characters and newly designed mascots to keep the soldiers morales high. Soon they were being made to also keep the hard liquor high of Americans at home, while their loved ones went overseas to fight. With these films, the federal official disposal and Disney were forming a strong relationship, as the studios were used by army effect and kept afloat for the duration of the war. The federal government even made it possible for Disney to obtain the chemicals needed to make the films despite its requirement for the reservation of weapons. The films were hugely popular as they used the traditional animation and moral-driven floor used for the previous Disney films and this suited the governments needs. Many cartoons started to take on a wartime theme to entertain but also to educate. Disneys public health and education films were, in part, attempts to provide models for domestic life (Cartwright and Goldfarb (1994), 175). Within these educational films, there was the notion that hard work combats illness whereas laziness breeds disease. So as well as supporting heteronormativity within their films, Disney had started to educate not just America but the world, in their ideals. Being practically sponsored by the federal government, the issue was then whose ideals were being portraye d Americas or what the government wants its bucolic to represent?Even within their films for children, Disney started to become an influential power over everyone who watched their films. Subliminal messaging started to occur in its short films as a humorous way for the animators to disrespect Disney as he refused to share productive credit. However, some of Disneys films from the 1990s started to have questionable sexual subliminal messaging. Some instances of these hidden messages are an erect penis on the cover of The Little Mermaid video as well as an erection in the film (which was actually the characters knee). Others saw the word sex depicted in The king of beasts King (it says SFX as a credit to the special effects team) whilst others perceive someone whispering All good teenagers, take off your garb in Aladdin. And finally it was thought you could see that Jessica Rabbit wasnt wearing any underwear in Who Framed Roger Rabbit? These supposed messages could be seen as q ueer readings (not in the non-heterosexual meaning but in the non-standard meaning) as people started to think of Disney as a lewd company with a gay agenda. However these messages are focussed on sex not sexual orientation and really do rely on the viewer cognize to listen or look for them. But when a child likes a film, many will watch it over and over again. And through this repeated viewing, children can begin to understand more and perhaps the innuendoes that were meant only for adults. This is in particular so as it is becoming almost impossible to avoid popular culture and advertising which can broaden a childs mind prematurely. A survey in 2006 of 1,300 UK families showed that seven in 10 children now have their own television in their bedrooms, with more than half of these also owning a DVD player. Similarly, a survey in America released in November 1999 showed that 88% of all US households have two or more televisions, 60 % have three or more and 53% of all children have a television in their bedrooms. With all this access to popular culture, children are growing up with the medias point of view on situations and relationships. With Disney such a presence in childrens lives also, once again whose morals are they growing up with?(EXPECTATIONS OF ENTERTAINMENT PARAGRAPH)Disney films can be a used a form of escapism, not just for children but also for adults. Despite whether its supporting heteronormativity or Americanism, their storylines often show that a good life is possible despite misfortune and difficulty. Even the homosexual culture has adopted this guess of escapism(QUEER READINGS PARAGRAPH)However as the 20th Century progressed, as did the heads of the company. With the passing away of Walt and then his brother Roy Disney, Michael Eisner took charge during the mid 1970s and started to change a few things about the company. Miramax films were brought under the Disney umbrella, which allowed an outlet for (more profitable) R and X-rated film s (15 and 18 under the BBFC). This started to threaten the Disney ideals that had been so strongly portrayed in many of its films. Right wing Christian fundamentalists felt it was a betrayal of their trust in a company they had believed in for so long. Various organisations (the American Family Association, the Family Research Council and Morality in Media for example) started to boycott Disney as they thought that the company